Imenyekanisha
Igihe cose ubuzima bwo mu nzu bwo muri iki gihe bwishingikiriza ku muyagankuba mu gacerere. Kuva ku gutanga amashanyarazi ku bikoresho vyo kugenzura ikirere no ku bikoresho vyo mu gikoni gushika ku gucapura ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none vy’umuntu ku giti ciwe no ku gukoresha amatara yo mu nzu, amashanyarazi aragenda neza mu bidukikije vyose vyo mu nzu. Yamara, inyuma y’ukuntu umuyagankuba ushobora gusohoka mu ruhome, hariho ibikorwa remezo vy’umuyagankuba bikomeye kandi bikoresha inguvu nyinshi, bisaba gutegeka neza, gukwiragiza no gukingira. Iyo umuyagankuba utagiramwo ibintu ushikirizwa ata guca ku ruhande ku bikoresho vyo mu nzu ata n’itegeko ry’imbere, umuyagankuba mutoyi canke umuyagankuba mutoyi woshobora gutera umuriro mu bibanza, ugasenyura ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none bifise ubushobozi bwo gutuma umuntu apfa.
Igikoresho nyamukuru gishinzwe guhindura amashanyarazi yinjira afise ubushobozi bwinshi-mu amashanyarazi yo mu nzu atekanye kandi ashobora gukoreshwa neza ni isandugu yo gutanga amashanyarazi mu nzu. Imenyekana kw’isi yose n’amazina atandukanye-harimwo igipande c’umuyagankuba, igipande c’abaguzi, isanduku y’amafuzi, canke igipande-agasanduku k’ugukwiragiza gakora nk’umutsi w’imitsi n’ingabo nyamukuru y’umutekano w’uruja n’uruza rw’umuyagankuba wo mu nzu. Irungika umuyagankuba mu mirongo itandukanye y’amashami mu gihe iguma igenzura ingene umuyagankuba ugenda kugira ngo ibone ko ata bintu biteye akaga bitari vyo.
Gutahura ubwubatsi bw’ishimikiro, uburongozi bw’ibice, n’ingingo ngenderwako z’ibikorwa vy’agasanduku k’ugusangira amazu ni ngombwa ku bafise inzu, abakunda gukora ivyo bashaka, n’abigisha amashanyarazi binjira. Gukuraho amabanga y’ivyo bibanza bihambaye bituma abantu barushiriza gutahura ingene ibikoresho vyo mu nzu bikora, bagakora isuku ryiza ry’amashanyarazi, bagasuzuma ko amashanyarazi ashobora guhagarara, kandi bakamenya igihe co kurondera ubufasha bw’abahinga.
Ubwubatsi n'imiterere y'agasanduku k'ugutanga
Mu ntumbero yayo, isandugu y’ugukwiragiza amashanyarazi mu nzu ni uruzitiro ruri hagati, rudashobora guterwa n’umuriro, rwagenewe kwemera amashanyarazi akomeye yinjira ava ku ruzitiro rw’amashanyarazi canke umuhinduzi w’amashanyarazi wo mu karere maze akayagabanya ata nkomanzi mu mirongo mito mito y’amashami atanga amashanyarazi mu vyumba vyihariye canke ku bikoresho vyihariye. Kugira ngo uwo murimo ushobore gukorwa ata nkomanzi, muri urwo ruzitiro harimwo ibintu vy’ugutwara umuriro, ibikoresho vyo gushiramwo umuriro be n’ibikoresho vyo kurinda, bitunganijwe neza.
Uruzitiro n'Igikoresho co Gushiramwo
Igishushanyo co hanze cane c’agasanduku ko gutanga igizwe n’uruzitiro rukomeye rukozwe mu vyuma bikomeye-vy’amabara, ivyuma bishobora gutuma umuriro udatera, canke ivyuma vy’ivyuma bita polycarbonate. Inzitiro zubatswe kugira ngo zishobore guhangana n’ibintu bishobora guterwa n’ibintu bishobora gushikirwa n’ibintu bikomeye kandi zitandukanye n’ubushuhe bwo mu mutima canke amashanyarazi n’ibihome vyumye n’ibiti bikikije. Mu nyubakwa z’amazu zo muri iki gihe, ayo masandugu ashirwaho nk’ibihome bishizwe ahantu hamwe, bica imbere mu binogo vy’inkuta kugira ngo bisa n’ibiteye igomwe, canke ibice bishizwe hejuru, bishirwa ku mpome mu bibanza vyo munsi y’ubutaka, mu magaraje canke mu bibanza vy’ibikoresho.
Imbere muri ako gasandugu hariho urutonde rw’ivyuma rusanzwe, ruzwi cane kw’izina ry’ivyuma vy’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara. Iyi nzira y’imibumbe itanga umutekano, snap-in inzego z’ibice vy’umurongo n’ibikoresho vy’umutekano, bituma ibice biguma bihuye neza mu gihe c’uguhungabana kw’ubuhinga n’ukwaguka kw’ubushuhe.
Injira y'Igikorwa, Ibarabara ritagira aho ribogamiye, n'Ibarabara ry'Ibisi
Amashanyarazi yinjira mu gasandugu k’ugutanga amashanyarazi biciye ku nsinga ziremereye zo kwinjira mu bikorwa zifatanye n’igipimo c’amashanyarazi co mu karere. Ivyo bifungurwa muri rusangi birimwo ivyuma bifise ubuzima (bishushe), ivyuma bitagira aho bihuriye, n’ivyuma bikingira isi biri hasi.
Mu gasandugu k'ugukwiragiza, ayo mahuriro yinjira afungura mu bibanza vy'iherezo vy'umwihariko:
Neutral Busbars: Ivyuma bikomeye vy’umuringa canke vy’umuringa birimwo ivyuma vyinshi vy’ivyuma. Intsinga zose zigaruka zitagira aho zigarukira zivuye mu mirongo y’amashami umwumwe wese zifatanya n’izo nzira, zigaheza zigasubira mu nzira y’umuyagankuba zigasubira ku nzira y’amashanyarazi.
Ivyuma bifata hasi: Ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ugushira hasi bifatanye ata guca ku ruhande n’uruzitiro rw’icuma kandi bifatanye n’uburyo bwo gutera hasi mu nzu (nk’inkoni z’isi canke ibikoresho vyo gutera hasi vy’igisagara). Intsinga zo hasi zivuye mu nzira y’ishami ryose zifatanya hano, zigashinga inzira y’uburinganire buke- kugira ngo ziyobore amazi ateye akaga asohoka mw’isi.
Ibiti vy'imbere
Ivyuma vy’umuringa canke vy’umuringa vy’umuringa bikomeye kandi bifise ubushobozi bwo gutwara umuriro, birashika hagati y’uruzitiro mu buryo buhagaze canke buringaniye. Ivyokurya nyamukuru biza bihuza n’izo nzira z’amabisi. Iyo ama circuit breaker umwumwe wese afashwe ku gice c’inyuma c’ibarabara, amabarabara yayo yo mu mutima arakandagira cane kuri izo nzira zifise inguvu. Iyo ndinganizo ituma umuyagankuba ushobora gukurwa ku nzira nyamukuru y’umuyagankuba maze ukajanwa mu bikoresho vy’amashami bimwebimwe ata n’akaduruvayo k’imirongo y’imbere y’umuyagankuba.
Uburongozi bw'Ukurinda: Ibice vya mbere n'uruhara rwavyo
Isanduku yo gutanga ibifungurwa vyo mu nzu yo muri iki gihe iraruta kure n’iyo isandugu yoroshe yo gufatanya; ni moteri ikora neza ifise urutonde rw’ibikoresho vy’uburinzi vyihariye vyagenewe guhangana n’ingorane zitandukanye ziterwa n’umuyagankuba.
Igikoresho gikomeye co guca umuriro
Igishizwe hejuru canke hagati y’imiterere y’ibihimba ni co gice nyamukuru c’umuyagankuba. Iyi switch y'ubushobozi bwinshi-ikora nk'umurinzi w'irembo ry'intango ry'uburaro bwose. Guhindura umuyagankuba mukuru ukawuzimya ubwo nyene bica bitandukanya amabara yose yo mu mutima, bikagabanya umuyagankuba ku nzira yose y’ishami ryo mu nzu. Igikoresho gikomeye co guca umuyagankuba gishobora gukorana n’ubushobozi bwose bw’umuyagankuba wo mu nzu (mu bisanzwe 100 gushika kuri 200 amperes mu nzu zo kubamwo zo muri iki gihe) kandi kiragenda ubwaco iyo ubushobozi bwose bw’umuyagankuba bwo mu nzu burenze imipaka y’umutekano.
Uduce dutoduto tw'umuriro (MCBs)
Ku murongo w’inzira z’imbere hariho utugingo ngengabuzima dutoduto twitwa Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCBs). Buri MCB igenzura kandi ikingira umurongo umwe w’ishami-nk’ibisohoka vyo mu gikoni, amatara yo mu cumba co kuraramwo, canke igice c’ivyuma vy’umuyaga (HVAC) vyihariye. MCB zigereranywa n’ingero y’umuyagankuba be n’umuzigo w’umuyagankuba w’umurongo wazo wihariye (mu bisanzwe ni 10, 16, 20 canke 32 amperes). Intumbero yabo nyamukuru ni iyo gukingira amawaya y’umuyagankuba ari mu bihome ngo ntiyashushe cane, ngo ivyuma bizibira amashanyarazi ntibipfuke, kandi ngo ntibifatwe n’umuriro mu gihe umuyagankuba urengeje urugero canke iyo umuyagankuba ugenda ugenda.
Ivyuma vy'amashanyarazi bisigaye (RCDs) na RCBOs
Naho MCB zikingira amawaya amashanyarazi arenze urugero, Ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi asigaye-vyitwa kandi nk’ibicapura amashanyarazi asigaye (RCCBs) canke ibicapura amashanyarazi y’amakosa yo hasi (GFCIs)-vyakozwe canecane kugira ngo bikingire ubuzima bw’abantu gukubitwa n’amashanyarazi.
RCDs ziguma zipima uburinganire bw’umuyagankuba usohoka uciye mu bikoresho bifise ubuzima, ugasubira inyuma biciye ku bikoresho bitagira aho bihuriye. Iyo habonetse ubusumbasumbane-bisobanura ko umuriro uriko urasohoka biciye mu nzira y'umuriro canke biciye mu mubiri w'umuntu uja kw'isi-RCD iragenda mu milisegonda. Igikoresho co guca amashanyarazi asigaye gifise uburinzi bw’amashanyarazi arenze urugero (RCBO) gifatanya ibikorwa vya MCB na RCD mu gice kimwe gikomeye, kigakingira amashanyarazi arenze urugero, amashanyarazi magufi, n’uguhungabana kw’isi icarimwe.
Ibikoresho vyo gukingira umuyaga (SPDs)
Amazu yo muri iki gihe arimwo ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none bikoreshwa na micro-processeur-bifise agaciro k’amadolari ibihumbi n’ibihumbi, kuva ku mateleviziyo y’ubwenge gushika ku mafirigo ahindura amashanyarazi. Igikoresho co gukingira amazi y’umuyaga gishizwe mu gasandugu k’ugukwiragiza gikora nk’igiponji c’inguvu. Iyo uguhindura uruzitiro, imiravyo, canke ugusubirana kw’ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga bukwi na bukwi bituma haba ugutera kw’amashanyarazi menshi, SPD irahindura ata nkomanzi amashanyarazi arenze uruzitiro akaja ku nzira y’amashanyarazi y’ivu imbere y’uko ishobora gushika no gusenya ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none vyo mu nzu bikomeye.
Ingingo ngenderwako z’ishimikiro zo gukora: Ingene amazi agenda n’amazi ashobora gutera
Kugira ngo umuntu ashime ubuhinga buri mu gasandugu k’ugutanga amashanyarazi mu nzu, ategerezwa gutahura ingene amashanyarazi agenda mu gihe akora mu buryo busanzwe be n’ingene ibihimba vyo mu mutima bikora igihe amashanyarazi agira ingorane.
Ivyangombwa bisanzwe
Mu gihe umuyagankuba uriko urakora mu buryo busanzwe, winjira mu gasandugu k’ugutanga umuyagankuba uvuye ku gipimo c’umuyagankuba, uca mu bihimba vy’umuyagankuba bipfutse vy’umuyagankuba mukuru, maze ugatanga inguvu ku bikoresho nyamukuru vy’umuringa. Kuva muri izo bisi, amashanyarazi aca mu ma MCB y’amashami umwumwe wese aja mu nsinga zikora z’amashami yo muhira.
Amaze guca mu bikoresho vy’amatara bifatanye, mu bikoresho vy’amatara no mu bikoresho bikoreshwa n’amashanyarazi, iyo nkuru irasubira yerekeza ku gasandugu k’ugukwiragiza amashanyarazi ku nzira y’amashami atagira aho abogamiye. Izo nsinga zitagira aho zigarukira zihera ku nzira y’ibisi zitagira aho zigarukira, zigatuma umuriro usubira ku ruzitiro ata nkomanzi. Hagati aho, intsinga zo hasi ziguma zidafise inguvu, zihagaze nk’inzira z’umutekano z’umuriro zero-.
Inguvu z'uruzitiro ziza ──► Igikoresho gikomeye co guca ──► Amabarabara y'amabisi akora ──► Amabarabara y'ishami
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Umuzigo w'ibikoresho ◄── Busbar y'ugusubira inyuma ◄── Amabarabara yo mu nzu
Ugushiramwo ibintu birenze urugero n'igihe gito-Imigenderanire y'uburinzi bw'umurongo
Iyo habaye ikosa ry'umuyagankuba ku nzira y'ishami, MCB ihuye n'iyo ikoresha uburyo bwo gutera kabiri - kugira ngo ice umuyagankuba ubwo nyene.
Ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba birenze urugero bishika iyo uwukoresha akoresheje ibikoresho vyinshi cane vy’ubushobozi bwinshi-mu nzira imwe-nk’ugukoresha igikoresho co kwumisha umusatsi, igikoresho co gushushanya ikibanza, n’igikoresho co gusukura icarimwe ku murongo w’amashanyarazi 15-amp. Ivyo bituma umuriro urenga urugero rw’umutekano rw’umuvunyi. Imbere muri MCB, hariho umurongo w’ivyuma bibiri ugereranijwe uranywa ubwo bushuhe bwongerekanye. Uko bishuha, ivyo vyuma bibiri bifatanye biragwira ku rugero rutandukanye, ivyo bikaba bituma iyo nzira ipfukama maze ikarekura mu buryo bw’ubuhinga igikoresho co guhindura urugendo gifise amapfundo. Ukwo guhinduka kw’ubushuhe gutwara ahantu hose kuva ku masegonda menshi gushika ku minota mikeyi, bivanye n’uburemere bw’ivyo bikoresho birenze urugero.
Igitero c’umuyagankuba ni ikintu giteye akaga cane kuruta igihe umurongo ukora ukoranye ata guca ku ruhande n’umurongo utagira aho uhengamiye, ukarenga ubushobozi bw’ibikoresho, maze ugatuma haba ugutera imbere cane kw’umuyagankuba. Muri iyo nkuru, umuyagankuba uri imbere muri MCB urabona umuyagankuba w’ubukazi maze ugafungura mu buryo bw’ubuhinga amakontakte y’ibica mu masegonda makeyi. Ukwo gutsitara kw’umuyagankuba kwihuta kurabuza guturika kw’umuyagankuba be n’uguturika kw’amashanyarazi ubwo nyene.
Ugutahura amakosa yo hasi
Iyo umugozi uri mu mashini yo gumesa ukoresheje ivyuma, iyo mashine iragira inguvu. Iyo umuntu akoze kuri iyo mashini ahagaze ata n’ibirenge hasi hatose, umuyagankuba uragerageza guca mu mubiri wiwe ukaja hasi.
RCD iri imbere mu gasandugu k’ugukwiragiza irakurikirana ico kintu biciye ku nzira y’umuyagankuba w’itandukaniro. Mu bihe bisanzwe, amashanyarazi asohoka n'amashanyarazi agaruka atagira aho abogamiye birangana. Iyo habaye ikosa ryo hasi, igice c’umuriro kirasohoka kija kw’isi, bigatuma haba ukudahukana hagati y’imirongo y’ubuzima n’iyitagira aho ibogamiye. Igikoresho c’umuyagankuba kiri imbere mu gice c’umuyagankuba kirahinduka, kigatuma haba umuriro mu gice c’umuyagankuba gitera umuyagankuba mu gihe c’amamilisegonda 30-imbere y’uko umutima w’umuntu ushobora kwinjira mu nzira y’umuyagankuba yica.
Ivy'ingenzi vyo gushiramwo, umutekano, n'imigenzo yo kwitaho
Kubera ko iyo sandugu yo gutanga amashanyarazi itwara amashanyarazi yose inzu ikeneye, iyo umuntu ayirongoye nabi, iyo ayishizeho nabi canke iyo ayibungabunga neza, birashobora guhindura uburyo bwo kwirinda bukaba akaga gakomeye k’umuriro wo mu nzu.
Uburinganire bw'umuzigo n'ugusangira inzira
Mu nzira zibiri-canke zitatu-uburyo bwo gutanga amashanyarazi mu nzu, amashanyarazi yinjira agabanwa mu maguru menshi y'ibinyabiziga bikora. Abahinga mu vy’amashanyarazi barakora vyose kugira ngo imizigo y’amashanyarazi iringaniye neza muri ayo maguru y’inzira mu gihe co gushiramwo amapaneli.
Iyo imizigo myinshi cane y’umuyagankuba-nk’amafuru y’umuyagankuba, ibikoresho bishusha amazi, n’ibikoresho vy’umuyagankuba-bishizwe ku kuguru kw’inzira imwe mu gihe ayandi maguru yicaye ataco akora, iyo nzira idahuye ishobora gutuma umuyagankuba ushuha cane, uguhinduka kw’umuyagankuba, n’ugucika kw’umuyagankuba kenshi.
Amabwirizwa yo gusuzuma no gucungera
Amasandugu yo gukwiragiza arakenewe cane-, ariko ntakeneye gutunganywa -. Ba nyen’inzu n’abarongozi b’inyubako bakwiye kwemera amategeko asanzwe yo gusuzuma:
Ivyiyumviro vy’ubuto bwo kugerageza RCD: Igikoresho cose ca RCD na RCBO gifise ubuto buto bwo kugerageza bukoreshwa n’amaboko ku maso yaco y’imbere. Gukanda kuri iyi buto n’ibigirankana bishushanya ikosa ry’ugusohoka kw’isi. Abafise inzu bakwiye gukanda kuri iyo buto yo gupima buri mezi atatu canke atandatu kugira ngo barabe ko igihimba c’imbere c’umubiri gihinduka neza kandi ko kitafashe kubera imyaka canke inkungugu yirundanirije.
Infrared Thermal Scans: Abahinga mu vy’amashanyarazi bafise uruhusha barakoresha ubudasiba amakamera afata amashusho y’ubushuhe mu gihe c’isuzuma ry’ibipande buri mwaka. Ivyuma bifatanya n’ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri canke ivyuma bifatanya n’umuyagankuba vyasenyutse bituma habaho ubushobozi budasanzwe bwo guhangana n’umuyagankuba, ivyo bikaba bigaragara nk’ibice bitandukanye bishushe ku kamera y’ubushuhe kera cane imbere y’uko intsinga zishonga canke umwotsi ukaboneka.
Terminal Re-torquing: Mu myaka y’ibikorwa, inzinguzingu z’ukwaguka n’ugucika kw’ubushuhe zirashobora buhoro buhoro kurekura ama terminals y’ibikoresho bifata ibikoresho vy’umuringa. Abahinga barasuzuma kandi bagasubiramwo -ivyo bikoresho ku buryo bitegekanijwe mu gihe c'uguhamagara abakozi.
Kumenya ibimenyetso vy'ukunanirwa no kuvugurura uburyo bwa kera
Amasandugu yo gutanga amasandugu ashaje amaherezo ashika ku mpera y’ubuzima bwayo bwo guhingura. Ben'inzu bakwiye kuba maso ku bimenyetso vy'imburi vy'umubabaro:
Amatara azimvye canke azimvye iyo ibikoresho bikomeye bicanye.
Iminuko y’ipulasitike iguma iturika canke amajwi y’uguvuza induru/guvuza induru ataboneka ava mu ruzitiro.
Ivyuma bimenagura bimeze nk’ibishushe bidasanzwe iyo bikozeko canke bikanka gusubira gukora inyuma yo gutsitara.
Umugese uboneka, amabara y’amazi, canke uburozi bukikuje uruzitiro rw’icuma.
Amazu yubatswe mu myaka mirongo iheze yoshobora kuba agikoresha amasandugu y’amafuzi ya kera canke amapaneli y’amafuzi ya kera atagira uburinzi bw’umuriro bwa RCD bwo muri iki gihe, amabisi yo hasi, n’uburinzi bwo guhagarika amazi. Guhindura ikigo c’abaguzi ca kera kikaba ikibanza c’ubuhinga bwa none, cuzuye abantu, gifise ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none vya RCBO na SPD ni kimwe mu bintu vyiza cane umuntu afise umutungo ashobora gushiramwo mu bijanye n’umutekano.
Iciyumviro
Isanduku yo gutanga ivy’uburaro ni yo irinda ubuzima bwo mu rugo bwo muri iki gihe butekanye. Kure y’ukuba gusa isandugu y’icuma y’umwirabura yihishije mu kabati k’ibikoresho, ni ikibanza c’umutekano gikozwe mu buryo bw’ubuhinga gihindura umuyagankuba w’ubushobozi bwinshi ushobora gusenyura, ukawugira inguvu zigenzurwa kandi zishobora kwizigirwa.
Mu gufatanya inzu z’imibumbe, amabisi ahuriwe hamwe, n’inguvu z’ukwikingira z’imirongo myinshi y’ama MCB, RCD, n’ibikingirizo vy’amashanyarazi, isandugu y’ugukwiragiza iragabanya ingorane z’amashanyarazi za misi yose. Ikora ubwo nyene kugira ngo ihagarike amawaya arengeje urugero, ihagarike amabarabara ashobora guturika, ikingire ingorane zishobora gutuma umuntu apfa, kandi ikingire ibikoresho vy’agaciro vyo mu nzu kugira ngo umuriro utere hejuru.
Gutahura ibihimba n’ingingo ngenderwako zikora z’agasanduku k’ugukwiragiza amashanyarazi mu nzu yawe biratuma urushiriza kumenya ivy’amashanyarazi. Kubungabunga uburyo butomoye bwo gushika ku gipande, gukora ubudasiba gusuzuma ubuto bw’umutekano, kwubahiriza imipaka y’umuzigo w’umurongo, no kwizigira abahinga mu vy’amashanyarazi ku bijanye n’ugushiraho no gusanura vyose bituma ubuhinga bwawe bwo gukoresha amashanyarazi bwo mu nzu bukora neza, bukora neza kandi ata nkomanzi mu myaka izoza.